「公平世界謬誤」 Just-World Fallacy

 公正世界謬誤是一種認知偏差，它假定世界本質上是公平的。意思是好人有好報，壞人有壞報。[ 1,2 ]

起源與機制

梅爾文·勒納：社會心理學家梅爾文·J·勒納在 20 世紀 60 年代觀察到人們如何為他人的痛苦辯護後，首次提出了這個概念。 [ 1 ]
心理安慰：人們利用這種信念來獲得安全感。接受隨機的、不應有的悲劇可能發生在任何人身上會引發焦慮，並打破控制感的錯覺。 [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]
認知失調：當人們目睹無辜者遭受痛苦時，他們會透過假設受害者一定做了什麼才落得如此下場來消除心理上的不適。[ 1,2 ]

常見表現

受害者有罪論：指責犯罪、貧窮、疾病或虐待的倖存者，聲稱是他們自己的選擇或性格缺陷導致了他們的困境。 [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]
成功歸因：認為富有或有權勢的人完全是憑藉卓越的才能和努力才獲得地位，而忽略了出身、背景和運氣的作用。 [ 1 ]
同理心降低：幫助處於危機中的人們或支持社會保障體系的意願降低。 [ 1,2,3 ]

 The just-world fallacy is a cognitive bias that assumes the world is fundamentally fair, meaning good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people. [1, 2]

Origins and Mechanics

Melvin Lerner: Social psychologist Melvin J. Lerner first proposed the concept in the 1960s after observing how people rationalize the suffering of others. [1]
Psychological Comfort: People use this belief to feel safe. Accepting that random, undeserved tragedies can happen to anyone creates anxiety and destroys the illusion of control. [1, 2, 3]
Cognitive Dissonance: When people witness an innocent person suffering, they resolve the mental discomfort by assuming the victim must have done something to deserve it. [1, 2]

Common Manifestations

Victim-Blaming: Blaming survivors of crimes, poverty, illness, or abuse by claiming their own choices or character flaws brought the hardship upon them. [1, 2, 3]
Success Attribution: Assuming wealthy or powerful people achieved their status purely through superior talent and hard work, while ignoring the roles of birth, background, and luck. [1]
Reduced Empathy: A lower willingness to help people in crisis or support social safety nets. [1, 2, 3]